Source code for ray.rllib.utils.numpy

from collections import OrderedDict
from gymnasium.spaces import Discrete, MultiDiscrete
import numpy as np
import tree  # pip install dm_tree
from types import MappingProxyType
from typing import List, Optional


from ray.rllib.utils.annotations import PublicAPI
from ray.rllib.utils.deprecation import Deprecated
from ray.rllib.utils.framework import try_import_tf, try_import_torch
from ray.rllib.utils.typing import SpaceStruct, TensorType, TensorStructType, Union

tf1, tf, tfv = try_import_tf()
torch, _ = try_import_torch()

SMALL_NUMBER = 1e-6
# Some large int number. May be increased here, if needed.
LARGE_INTEGER = 100000000
# Min and Max outputs (clipped) from an NN-output layer interpreted as the
# log(x) of some x (e.g. a stddev of a normal
# distribution).
MIN_LOG_NN_OUTPUT = -5
MAX_LOG_NN_OUTPUT = 2


@PublicAPI
@Deprecated(
    help="RLlib itself has no use for this anymore.",
    error=False,
)
def aligned_array(size: int, dtype, align: int = 64) -> np.ndarray:
    """Returns an array of a given size that is 64-byte aligned.

    The returned array can be efficiently copied into GPU memory by TensorFlow.

    Args:
        size: The size (total number of items) of the array. For example,
            array([[0.0, 1.0], [2.0, 3.0]]) would have size=4.
        dtype: The numpy dtype of the array.
        align: The alignment to use.

    Returns:
        A np.ndarray with the given specifications.
    """
    n = size * dtype.itemsize
    empty = np.empty(n + (align - 1), dtype=np.uint8)
    data_align = empty.ctypes.data % align
    offset = 0 if data_align == 0 else (align - data_align)
    if n == 0:
        # stop np from optimising out empty slice reference
        output = empty[offset : offset + 1][0:0].view(dtype)
    else:
        output = empty[offset : offset + n].view(dtype)

    assert len(output) == size, len(output)
    assert output.ctypes.data % align == 0, output.ctypes.data
    return output


@PublicAPI
@Deprecated(
    help="RLlib itself has no use for this anymore.",
    error=False,
)
def concat_aligned(
    items: List[np.ndarray], time_major: Optional[bool] = None
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Concatenate arrays, ensuring the output is 64-byte aligned.

    We only align float arrays; other arrays are concatenated as normal.

    This should be used instead of np.concatenate() to improve performance
    when the output array is likely to be fed into TensorFlow.

    Args:
        items: The list of items to concatenate and align.
        time_major: Whether the data in items is time-major, in which
            case, we will concatenate along axis=1.

    Returns:
        The concat'd and aligned array.
    """

    if len(items) == 0:
        return []
    elif len(items) == 1:
        # we assume the input is aligned. In any case, it doesn't help
        # performance to force align it since that incurs a needless copy.
        return items[0]
    elif isinstance(items[0], np.ndarray) and items[0].dtype in [
        np.float32,
        np.float64,
        np.uint8,
    ]:
        dtype = items[0].dtype
        flat = aligned_array(sum(s.size for s in items), dtype)
        if time_major is not None:
            if time_major is True:
                batch_dim = sum(s.shape[1] for s in items)
                new_shape = (items[0].shape[0], batch_dim,) + items[
                    0
                ].shape[2:]
            else:
                batch_dim = sum(s.shape[0] for s in items)
                new_shape = (batch_dim, items[0].shape[1],) + items[
                    0
                ].shape[2:]
        else:
            batch_dim = sum(s.shape[0] for s in items)
            new_shape = (batch_dim,) + items[0].shape[1:]
        output = flat.reshape(new_shape)
        assert output.ctypes.data % 64 == 0, output.ctypes.data
        np.concatenate(items, out=output, axis=1 if time_major else 0)
        return output
    else:
        return np.concatenate(items, axis=1 if time_major else 0)


[docs]@PublicAPI def convert_to_numpy(x: TensorStructType, reduce_type: bool = True) -> TensorStructType: """Converts values in `stats` to non-Tensor numpy or python types. Args: x: Any (possibly nested) struct, the values in which will be converted and returned as a new struct with all torch/tf tensors being converted to numpy types. reduce_type: Whether to automatically reduce all float64 and int64 data into float32 and int32 data, respectively. Returns: A new struct with the same structure as `x`, but with all values converted to numpy arrays (on CPU). """ # The mapping function used to numpyize torch/tf Tensors (and move them # to the CPU beforehand). def mapping(item): if torch and isinstance(item, torch.Tensor): ret = ( item.cpu().item() if len(item.size()) == 0 else item.detach().cpu().numpy() ) elif ( tf and isinstance(item, (tf.Tensor, tf.Variable)) and hasattr(item, "numpy") ): assert tf.executing_eagerly() ret = item.numpy() else: ret = item if reduce_type and isinstance(ret, np.ndarray): if np.issubdtype(ret.dtype, np.floating): ret = ret.astype(np.float32) elif np.issubdtype(ret.dtype, int): ret = ret.astype(np.int32) return ret return ret return tree.map_structure(mapping, x)
[docs]@PublicAPI def fc( x: np.ndarray, weights: np.ndarray, biases: Optional[np.ndarray] = None, framework: Optional[str] = None, ) -> np.ndarray: """Calculates FC (dense) layer outputs given weights/biases and input. Args: x: The input to the dense layer. weights: The weights matrix. biases: The biases vector. All 0s if None. framework: An optional framework hint (to figure out, e.g. whether to transpose torch weight matrices). Returns: The dense layer's output. """ def map_(data, transpose=False): if torch: if isinstance(data, torch.Tensor): data = data.cpu().detach().numpy() if tf and tf.executing_eagerly(): if isinstance(data, tf.Variable): data = data.numpy() if transpose: data = np.transpose(data) return data x = map_(x) # Torch stores matrices in transpose (faster for backprop). transpose = framework == "torch" and ( x.shape[1] != weights.shape[0] and x.shape[1] == weights.shape[1] ) weights = map_(weights, transpose=transpose) biases = map_(biases) return np.matmul(x, weights) + (0.0 if biases is None else biases)
[docs]@PublicAPI def flatten_inputs_to_1d_tensor( inputs: TensorStructType, spaces_struct: Optional[SpaceStruct] = None, time_axis: bool = False, batch_axis: bool = True, ) -> TensorType: """Flattens arbitrary input structs according to the given spaces struct. Returns a single 1D tensor resulting from the different input components' values. Thereby: - Boxes (any shape) get flattened to (B, [T]?, -1). Note that image boxes are not treated differently from other types of Boxes and get flattened as well. - Discrete (int) values are one-hot'd, e.g. a batch of [1, 0, 3] (B=3 with Discrete(4) space) results in [[0, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1]]. - MultiDiscrete values are multi-one-hot'd, e.g. a batch of [[0, 2], [1, 4]] (B=2 with MultiDiscrete([2, 5]) space) results in [[1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]]. Args: inputs: The inputs to be flattened. spaces_struct: The (possibly nested) structure of the spaces that `inputs` belongs to. time_axis: Whether all inputs have a time-axis (after the batch axis). If True, will keep not only the batch axis (0th), but the time axis (1st) as-is and flatten everything from the 2nd axis up. batch_axis: Whether all inputs have a batch axis. If True, will keep that batch axis as-is and flatten everything from the other dims up. Returns: A single 1D tensor resulting from concatenating all flattened/one-hot'd input components. Depending on the time_axis flag, the shape is (B, n) or (B, T, n). .. testcode:: :skipif: True # B=2 from ray.rllib.utils.tf_utils import flatten_inputs_to_1d_tensor from gymnasium.spaces import Discrete, Box out = flatten_inputs_to_1d_tensor( {"a": [1, 0], "b": [[[0.0], [0.1]], [1.0], [1.1]]}, spaces_struct=dict(a=Discrete(2), b=Box(shape=(2, 1))) ) print(out) # B=2; T=2 out = flatten_inputs_to_1d_tensor( ([[1, 0], [0, 1]], [[[0.0, 0.1], [1.0, 1.1]], [[2.0, 2.1], [3.0, 3.1]]]), spaces_struct=tuple([Discrete(2), Box(shape=(2, ))]), time_axis=True ) print(out) .. testoutput:: [[0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.1], [1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.1]] # B=2 n=4 [[[0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.1], [1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.1]], [[1.0, 0.0, 2.0, 2.1], [0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 3.1]]] # B=2 T=2 n=4 """ # `time_axis` must not be True if `batch_axis` is False. assert not (time_axis and not batch_axis) flat_inputs = tree.flatten(inputs) flat_spaces = ( tree.flatten(spaces_struct) if spaces_struct is not None else [None] * len(flat_inputs) ) B = None T = None out = [] for input_, space in zip(flat_inputs, flat_spaces): # Store batch and (if applicable) time dimension. if B is None and batch_axis: B = input_.shape[0] if time_axis: T = input_.shape[1] # One-hot encoding. if isinstance(space, Discrete): if time_axis: input_ = np.reshape(input_, [B * T]) out.append(one_hot(input_, depth=space.n).astype(np.float32)) # Multi one-hot encoding. elif isinstance(space, MultiDiscrete): if time_axis: input_ = np.reshape(input_, [B * T, -1]) if batch_axis: out.append( np.concatenate( [ one_hot(input_[:, i], depth=n).astype(np.float32) for i, n in enumerate(space.nvec) ], axis=-1, ) ) else: out.append( np.concatenate( [ one_hot(input_[i], depth=n).astype(np.float32) for i, n in enumerate(space.nvec) ], axis=-1, ) ) # Box: Flatten. else: # Special case for spaces: Box(.., shape=(), ..) if isinstance(input_, float): input_ = np.array([input_]) if time_axis: input_ = np.reshape(input_, [B * T, -1]) elif batch_axis: input_ = np.reshape(input_, [B, -1]) else: input_ = np.reshape(input_, [-1]) out.append(input_.astype(np.float32)) merged = np.concatenate(out, axis=-1) # Restore the time-dimension, if applicable. if time_axis: merged = np.reshape(merged, [B, T, -1]) return merged
[docs]@PublicAPI def make_action_immutable(obj): """Flags actions immutable to notify users when trying to change them. Can also be used with any tree-like structure containing either dictionaries, numpy arrays or already immutable objects per se. Note, however that `tree.map_structure()` will in general not include the shallow object containing all others and therefore immutability will hold only for all objects contained in it. Use `tree.traverse(fun, action, top_down=False)` to include also the containing object. Args: obj: The object to be made immutable. Returns: The immutable object. .. testcode:: :skipif: True import tree import numpy as np from ray.rllib.utils.numpy import make_action_immutable arr = np.arange(1,10) d = dict(a = 1, b = (arr, arr)) tree.traverse(make_action_immutable, d, top_down=False) """ if isinstance(obj, np.ndarray): obj.setflags(write=False) return obj elif isinstance(obj, OrderedDict): return MappingProxyType(dict(obj)) elif isinstance(obj, dict): return MappingProxyType(obj) else: return obj
[docs]@PublicAPI def huber_loss(x: np.ndarray, delta: float = 1.0) -> np.ndarray: """Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huber_loss.""" return np.where( np.abs(x) < delta, np.power(x, 2.0) * 0.5, delta * (np.abs(x) - 0.5 * delta) )
[docs]@PublicAPI def l2_loss(x: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray: """Computes half the L2 norm of a tensor (w/o the sqrt): sum(x**2) / 2. Args: x: The input tensor. Returns: The l2-loss output according to the above formula given `x`. """ return np.sum(np.square(x)) / 2.0
[docs]@PublicAPI def lstm( x, weights: np.ndarray, biases: Optional[np.ndarray] = None, initial_internal_states: Optional[np.ndarray] = None, time_major: bool = False, forget_bias: float = 1.0, ): """Calculates LSTM layer output given weights/biases, states, and input. Args: x: The inputs to the LSTM layer including time-rank (0th if time-major, else 1st) and the batch-rank (1st if time-major, else 0th). weights: The weights matrix. biases: The biases vector. All 0s if None. initial_internal_states: The initial internal states to pass into the layer. All 0s if None. time_major: Whether to use time-major or not. Default: False. forget_bias: Gets added to first sigmoid (forget gate) output. Default: 1.0. Returns: Tuple consisting of 1) The LSTM layer's output and 2) Tuple: Last (c-state, h-state). """ sequence_length = x.shape[0 if time_major else 1] batch_size = x.shape[1 if time_major else 0] units = weights.shape[1] // 4 # 4 internal layers (3x sigmoid, 1x tanh) if initial_internal_states is None: c_states = np.zeros(shape=(batch_size, units)) h_states = np.zeros(shape=(batch_size, units)) else: c_states = initial_internal_states[0] h_states = initial_internal_states[1] # Create a placeholder for all n-time step outputs. if time_major: unrolled_outputs = np.zeros(shape=(sequence_length, batch_size, units)) else: unrolled_outputs = np.zeros(shape=(batch_size, sequence_length, units)) # Push the batch 4 times through the LSTM cell and capture the outputs plus # the final h- and c-states. for t in range(sequence_length): input_matrix = x[t, :, :] if time_major else x[:, t, :] input_matrix = np.concatenate((input_matrix, h_states), axis=1) input_matmul_matrix = np.matmul(input_matrix, weights) + biases # Forget gate (3rd slot in tf output matrix). Add static forget bias. sigmoid_1 = sigmoid(input_matmul_matrix[:, units * 2 : units * 3] + forget_bias) c_states = np.multiply(c_states, sigmoid_1) # Add gate (1st and 2nd slots in tf output matrix). sigmoid_2 = sigmoid(input_matmul_matrix[:, 0:units]) tanh_3 = np.tanh(input_matmul_matrix[:, units : units * 2]) c_states = np.add(c_states, np.multiply(sigmoid_2, tanh_3)) # Output gate (last slot in tf output matrix). sigmoid_4 = sigmoid(input_matmul_matrix[:, units * 3 : units * 4]) h_states = np.multiply(sigmoid_4, np.tanh(c_states)) # Store this output time-slice. if time_major: unrolled_outputs[t, :, :] = h_states else: unrolled_outputs[:, t, :] = h_states return unrolled_outputs, (c_states, h_states)
[docs]@PublicAPI def one_hot( x: Union[TensorType, int], depth: int = 0, on_value: float = 1.0, off_value: float = 0.0, dtype: type = np.float32, ) -> np.ndarray: """One-hot utility function for numpy. Thanks to qianyizhang: https://gist.github.com/qianyizhang/07ee1c15cad08afb03f5de69349efc30. Args: x: The input to be one-hot encoded. depth: The max. number to be one-hot encoded (size of last rank). on_value: The value to use for on. Default: 1.0. off_value: The value to use for off. Default: 0.0. Returns: The one-hot encoded equivalent of the input array. """ # Handle simple ints properly. if isinstance(x, int): x = np.array(x, dtype=np.int32) # Handle torch arrays properly. elif torch and isinstance(x, torch.Tensor): x = x.numpy() # Handle bool arrays correctly. if x.dtype == np.bool_: x = x.astype(np.int_) depth = 2 # If depth is not given, try to infer it from the values in the array. if depth == 0: depth = np.max(x) + 1 assert ( np.max(x) < depth ), "ERROR: The max. index of `x` ({}) is larger than depth ({})!".format( np.max(x), depth ) shape = x.shape out = np.ones(shape=(*shape, depth)) * off_value indices = [] for i in range(x.ndim): tiles = [1] * x.ndim s = [1] * x.ndim s[i] = -1 r = np.arange(shape[i]).reshape(s) if i > 0: tiles[i - 1] = shape[i - 1] r = np.tile(r, tiles) indices.append(r) indices.append(x) out[tuple(indices)] = on_value return out.astype(dtype)
@PublicAPI def one_hot_multidiscrete(x, depths=List[int]): # Handle torch arrays properly. if torch and isinstance(x, torch.Tensor): x = x.numpy() shape = x.shape return np.concatenate( [ one_hot(x[i] if len(shape) == 1 else x[:, i], depth=n).astype(np.float32) for i, n in enumerate(depths) ], axis=-1, )
[docs]@PublicAPI def relu(x: np.ndarray, alpha: float = 0.0) -> np.ndarray: """Implementation of the leaky ReLU function. y = x * alpha if x < 0 else x Args: x: The input values. alpha: A scaling ("leak") factor to use for negative x. Returns: The leaky ReLU output for x. """ return np.maximum(x, x * alpha, x)
[docs]@PublicAPI def sigmoid(x: np.ndarray, derivative: bool = False) -> np.ndarray: """ Returns the sigmoid function applied to x. Alternatively, can return the derivative or the sigmoid function. Args: x: The input to the sigmoid function. derivative: Whether to return the derivative or not. Default: False. Returns: The sigmoid function (or its derivative) applied to x. """ if derivative: return x * (1 - x) else: return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
[docs]@PublicAPI def softmax( x: Union[np.ndarray, list], axis: int = -1, epsilon: Optional[float] = None ) -> np.ndarray: """Returns the softmax values for x. The exact formula used is: S(xi) = e^xi / SUMj(e^xj), where j goes over all elements in x. Args: x: The input to the softmax function. axis: The axis along which to softmax. epsilon: Optional epsilon as a minimum value. If None, use `SMALL_NUMBER`. Returns: The softmax over x. """ epsilon = epsilon or SMALL_NUMBER # x_exp = np.maximum(np.exp(x), SMALL_NUMBER) x_exp = np.exp(x) # return x_exp / # np.maximum(np.sum(x_exp, axis, keepdims=True), SMALL_NUMBER) return np.maximum(x_exp / np.sum(x_exp, axis, keepdims=True), epsilon)